Explain the term Ceramics ?

Explain the term Ceramics ?

A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass). Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the non crystalline glasses, a distinction followed here.

The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000 year old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials, hardened in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create a colored, smooth surface. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products and a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors.

Write short note on Water purification ?

Water purification is the removal of contaminants from raw water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption or for industrial use.

Substances that are removed during the process include parasites (such as Giardia or Cryptosporidium) , bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, minerals (including toxic metals such as Lead, Copper etc.), and man-made chemical pollutants.

Many contaminants can be dangerous—but depending on the quality standards, others are removed to improve the water's smell, taste, and appearance.

A small amount of disinfectant is usually intentionally left in the water at the end of the treatment process to reduce the risk of re-contamination in the distribution system.

Many environmental and cost considerations affect the location and design of water purification plants.

Groundwater is cheaper to treat, but aquifers usually have limited output and can take thousands of years to recharge.

Surface water sources should be carefully monitored for the presence of unusual types or levels of microbial/disease causing contaminants.

The treatment plant itself must be kept secure from vandalism and terrorism.

It is not possible to tell whether water is safe to drink just by looking at it.

Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household charcoal filter are not sufficient for treating water from an unknown source.

Even natural spring water - considered safe for all practical purposes in the 1800s - must now be tested before determining what kind of treatment is needed.

Engineering, B.tech, M.tech , Polytechnic Diploma solved Question

Basiclogic gates with diagram and truth table (i) AND (ii) OR (iii) NOT (iv) BUF

Basic Logic Gate

Logic gates are the basic parts of binary computers. Basically what logic gates do is mapping one, two or more digital signal into a digital output. There are basically 8 kinds of logic gates, they are AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, NXOR, and BUF.

AND logic gate gives true (1) output, if and only if, all of its input are true (1).
OR logic gate gives true (1) output, if and only if, at least one of its input are true (1).
NOT logic gate is a single input single output logic gate, which output is the negation of its input.
NAND logic gate gives false (0) output, if and only if, all of its input are true(1).
Basically it can be thought as if a NAND logic gate is a combination of an AND and a NOT logic gate.
NOR logic gate gives false (0) output, if and only if, at least one of its input are true (1).
Basically it can be thought as if a NOR logic gate is a combination of an OR and a NOT logic gate.

XOR logic gate gives true (1) output, if and only if, the number of its true (1) input are odd.


NXOR logic gate gives true (1) output, if and only if, the number of its true (1) input are even.
BUF logic gate is a single input single output logic gate, which output is the same as its input.
Probably it doesn't make sense that there is such gate, but actually it have its own application in digital electronics as signal amplifier.